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What's a concise way to check that environment variables are set in a Unix shell script?

...is therefore in the Korn Shell, and in the POSIX shells, including specifically Bash. It is usually documented in the shell's man page in a section called Parameter Expansion. For example, the bash manual says: ${parameter:?word} Display Error if Null or Unset. If parameter is null or unset, the...
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JavaScript private methods

... } this.use_restroom = function() { // use_restroom is visible to all private_stuff(); } this.buy_food = function() { // buy_food is visible to all private_stuff(); } } share ...
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Manually raising (throwing) an exception in Python

... How do I manually throw/raise an exception in Python? Use the most specific Exception constructor that semantically fits your issue. Be specific in your message, e.g.: raise ValueError('A very specific bad thing happened.') Don't ...
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Checking whether a variable is an integer or not [duplicate]

...t use type. It is almost never the right answer in Python, since it blocks all the flexibility of polymorphism. For instance, if you subclass int, your new class should register as an int, which type will not do: class Spam(int): pass x = Spam(0) type(x) == int # False isinstance(x, int) # True Thi...
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Get value from SimpleXMLElement Object

... i can't believe this is so complicated. why would they make a class called "getName" but not "getValue"? why would they print empty string if you printed it instead of converted it manually to (string). WHY?? – user151496 Oct 17 '16 at 12:31 ...
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What does the Ellipsis object do?

While idly surfing the namespace I noticed an odd looking object called Ellipsis , it does not seem to be or do anything special, but it's a globally available builtin. ...
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Convert objective-c typedef to its string equivalent

... This is really a C question, not specific to Objective-C (which is a superset of the C language). Enums in C are represented as integers. So you need to write a function that returns a string given an enum value. There are many ways to...
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Principles for Modeling CouchDB Documents

...or instance). Managing the relationships or connections between various, smaller documents can be confusing at first, but CouchDB provides several options for combining disparate pieces into single responses. The first big one is view collation. When you emit key/value pairs into the results of a m...
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“var” or no “var” in JavaScript's “for-in” loop?

...erties, so using the standard "for in" loop w/o the var statement will actually fail and return a ReferenceError. – dkugappi Jun 11 '13 at 15:01 2 ...
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When do we need curly braces around shell variables?

...xpand the variable identified by foobar. Curly braces are also unconditionally required when: expanding array elements, as in ${array[42]} using parameter expansion operations, as in ${filename%.*} (remove extension) expanding positional parameters beyond 9: "$8 $9 ${10} ${11}" Doing this every...