...pilers, one can use a compiler flag to eliminate this overhead, which transforms certain types of recursion (actually, certain types of tail calls) into jumps instead of function calls. In functional programming language implementations, sometimes, iteration can be very expensive and recursion can ...

... don't really see the big picture. It says that it's a component-based platform, and that you can reload modules at runtime. Also the "practical example" given everywhere is the Eclipse Plugin Framework. ...

...cally under algebraic manipulations and, more importantly, the amount of information present is still preserved. You probably want a zero type as well. Haskell provides that as Void. There are no values whose type is zero, just as there is one value whose type is one. There's still one major opera...

... use boost::swap or an unqualified swap with std::swap associated. †Informally, a name is associated if it will be considered during a function call. For the details, read §3.4.2. In this case, std::swap normally isn't considered; but we can associate it (add it to the set of overloads conside...

...straint, all is well. You can use orNull on an Option[String], and you can form an Option[Int] and use it, as long as you don't call orNull on it. If you try Some(42).orNull, you get the charming message error: Cannot prove that Null <:< Int ...

...lained using a mirror analogy In the previous section we saw how to transform self-reference recursion into a recursive function that does not rely upon a named function using the U combinator. There's a bit of an annoyance tho with having to remember to always pass the function to itself as the f...

... hand in REST style it's very easy to guide clients by including control information in representations(HTTP headers + representation). For example: It's possible (and actually mandatory) to embed links annotated with link relation types which convey meanings of these URIs; Client implementations ...

...al reference*. Universal references are characterized by a very restricted form (just T&&, without const or similar qualifiers) and by type deduction - the type T will be deduced when f is invoked. In a nutshell, universal references correspond to rvalue references if they’re initialized ...

...y. What is the classic use case? Consider that you want to extract information from a recursive data structure. Let's say we want to get all leaf nodes in a tree: def traverse_tree(node): if not node.children: yield node for child in node.children: yield from traverse_tree(child) ...

...ype for 0, namely _0; and each integer greater than zero has a type of the form Succ[A], where A is the type representing a smaller integer. For instance, the type representing 2 would be: Succ[Succ[_0]] (successor applied twice to the type representing zero). We can alias various natural numbers f...