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Why does Python use 'magic methods'?
...s', e.g. to make its length available, an object implements a method, def __len__(self) , and then it is called when you write len(obj) .
...
How to use filter, map, and reduce in Python 3
...
@Breezer actually i**3 will call i.__pow__(3) and i*i*i i.__mul__(i).__mul__(i) (or something like that). With ints it doesn't matter but with numpy numbers/custom classes it might even produce different results.
– syntonym
...
Code Golf: Lasers
...amp;!ge,$s=$r+=99for<>;%d='>.^1<2v3'=~/./g;($r)=grep$d|=$d{$t{$_}},%t;
{$_=$t{$r+=(1,-99,-1,99)[$d^=3*/\\/+m</>]};/[\/\\ ]/&&redo}die/x/?true:false,$/
The first line loads the input into %t, a table of the board where $t{99*i+j} holds the character at row i,column j. Then...
Weighted random numbers
...er is less than that item's weight
Pseudo-code illustrating this:
int sum_of_weight = 0;
for(int i=0; i<num_choices; i++) {
sum_of_weight += choice_weight[i];
}
int rnd = random(sum_of_weight);
for(int i=0; i<num_choices; i++) {
if(rnd < choice_weight[i])
return i;
rnd -= choic...
Flatten nested dictionaries, compressing keys
...ng the dictionary at final step.
import collections
def flatten(d, parent_key='', sep='_'):
items = []
for k, v in d.items():
new_key = parent_key + sep + k if parent_key else k
if isinstance(v, collections.MutableMapping):
items.extend(flatten(v, new_key, sep=s...
How to do relative imports in Python?
...answering the question.
The problem is that you're running the module as '__main__' by passing the mod1.py as an argument to the interpreter.
From PEP 328:
Relative imports use a module's __name__ attribute to determine that module's position in the package hierarchy. If the module's name does...
MIN and MAX in C
...afety bonus too) in a GCC statement expression:
#define max(a,b) \
({ __typeof__ (a) _a = (a); \
__typeof__ (b) _b = (b); \
_a > _b ? _a : _b; })
Everyone says "oh I know about double evaluation, it's no problem" and a few months down the road, you'll be debugging the silliest ...
How can I represent an 'Enum' in Python?
...34. Code is not perfectly compatible between py2 and py3, e.g. you'll need __order__ in python 2).
To use enum34, do $ pip install enum34
To use aenum, do $ pip install aenum
Installing enum (no numbers) will install a completely different and incompatible version.
from enum import Enum #...
python: How do I know what type of exception occurred?
...pe {0} occurred. Arguments:\n{1!r}"
message = template.format(type(ex).__name__, ex.args)
print message
Make sure message is brought to the attention of the user in a hard-to-miss way! Printing it, as shown above, may not be enough if the message is buried in lots of other messages. Failin...
Why aren't variables declared in “try” in scope in “catch” or “finally”?
...Reader sr,
[1] class [mscorlib]System.Exception ex)
IL_0000: ldnull
IL_0001: stloc.0
.try
{
.try
{
IL_0002: ldsfld string UsingTest.Class1::path
IL_0007: newobj instance void [mscorlib]System.IO.StreamReader::.cto...