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How to check if a variable is a dictionary in Python?
...t, defaultdict, or Counter from the collections module:
if isinstance(any_object, dict):
But there are even more flexible options.
Supporting abstractions:
from collections.abc import Mapping
if isinstance(any_object, Mapping):
This allows the user of your code to use their own custom implem...
curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate
...
Actually I struggled for an hour as I did not write path inside quotes. So please take a note here curl.cainfo="/path/to/downloaded/cacert.pem" // Do not forget to write between quotes
– Himanshu Upadhyay
...
What does “The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library was not found” mean?
...ns exactly what it says: "The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library which allows optimal performance in production environments was not found on the java.library.path"
The library referred to is bundled into an OS specific dll (tcnative-1.dll) loaded via JNI. It allows tomcat to use OS functionali...
Django: “projects” vs “apps”
...views.py
and so on. Would it help if I said views.py doesn't have to be called views.py? Provided you can name, on the python path, a function (usually package.package.views.function_name) it will get handled. Simple as that. All this "project"/"app" stuff is just python packages.
Now, how are yo...
How to write a test which expects an Error to be thrown in Jasmine?
... not possible"));
you should be passing a function into the expect(...) call. Your incorrect code:
// incorrect:
expect(parser.parse(raw)).toThrow(new Error("Parsing is not possible"));
is trying to actually call parser.parse(raw) in an attempt to pass the result into expect(...),
...
Can I force a page break in HTML printing?
...
Add a CSS class called "pagebreak" (or "pb"), like so:
@media print {
.pagebreak { page-break-before: always; } /* page-break-after works, as well */
}
Then add an empty DIV tag (or any block element that generates a box) where you wan...
Constantly print Subprocess output while process is running
... return_code = popen.wait()
if return_code:
raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(return_code, cmd)
# Example
for path in execute(["locate", "a"]):
print(path, end="")
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impro...
Renaming columns in pandas
...UMNS
Use the df.rename() function and refer the columns to be renamed. Not all the columns have to be renamed:
df = df.rename(columns={'oldName1': 'newName1', 'oldName2': 'newName2'})
# Or rename the existing DataFrame (rather than creating a copy)
df.rename(columns={'oldName1': 'newName1', 'oldNam...
How to open every file in a folder?
...
Os
You can list all files in the current directory using os.listdir:
import os
for filename in os.listdir(os.getcwd()):
with open(os.path.join(os.cwd(), filename), 'r') as f: # open in readonly mode
# do your stuff
Glob
Or you c...
Clojure: reduce vs. apply
... the ultimate result returned) for associative functions which need to see all their arguments in the variable-arity case. When they are result-wise equivalent, I'd say that apply is always perfectly idiomatic, while reduce is equivalent -- and might shave off a fraction of a blink of an eye -- in a...