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Show percent % instead of counts in charts of categorical variables
...ove:
require(ggplot2)
require(scales)
p <- ggplot(mydataf, aes(x = foo)) +
geom_bar(aes(y = (..count..)/sum(..count..))) +
## version 3.0.0
scale_y_continuous(labels=percent)
Here's a reproducible example using mtcars:
ggplot(mtcars, aes(x = factor(hp))) +
...
Ruby: Easiest Way to Filter Hash Keys?
...ou have the keys in a separate list, you can use the * notation:
keys = [:foo, :bar]
hash1 = {foo: 1, bar:2, baz: 3}
hash2 = hash1.slice(*keys)
=> {foo: 1, bar:2}
As other answers stated, you can also use slice! to modify the hash in place (and return the erased key/values).
...
Get exception description and stack trace which caused an exception, all as a string
...) + '\n {} {}'.format(excp.__class__,excp)
A simple demonstration:
def foo():
try:
something_invalid()
except Exception as e:
print(exception_to_string(e))
def bar():
return foo()
We get the following output when we call bar():
File "./test.py", line 57, in <...
How to append contents of multiple files into one file
...
@radical7 Thanks. Actually, my files are like foo_1, foo_2, foo_3. I tried to modify your code as - cat "$filename_"{1,2,3}".txt" , but it did not work.
– Steam
Aug 2 '13 at 0:09
...
Forward declaring an enum in C++
...f incomplete types in declarations. Since it is legal to do struct S; void foo(S s); (note that foo is only declared, not defined), then there is no reason why we couldn't do enum E; void foo(E e); as well. In both cases, the size is not needed.
– Luc Touraille
...
Default parameters with C++ constructors [closed]
... rotationZ()const;
}
main()
{
// gets default rotations
Thingy2 * foo=new Thingy2().color(ret)
.length(1).width(4).height(9)
// gets default color and sizes
Thingy2 * bar=new Thingy2()
.rotationX(0.0).rotationY(PI),rotationZ(0.5*PI);
// everything specified.
...
C++, copy set to vector
...edited Feb 27 '11 at 13:50
Fred Foo
317k6464 gold badges662662 silver badges785785 bronze badges
answered Feb 17 '11 at 20:33
...
How to get the current working directory in Java?
... your application, so could be something like e.g. /Users/george/workspace/FooBarProject).
– David
Sep 20 '13 at 10:19
1
...
Why do we declare Loggers static final?
...
as opposed to:
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Foo.class);
The former way allows you to use the same logger name (name of the actual class) in all classes throughout the inheritance hierarchy. So if Bar extends Foo, both will log to Bar logger. Some find it more intuiti...
Parse a .py file, read the AST, modify it, then write back the modified source code
...at would enable you do do so.
eg.
import ast
import codegen
expr="""
def foo():
print("hello world")
"""
p=ast.parse(expr)
p.body[0].body = [ ast.parse("return 42").body[0] ] # Replace function body with "return 42"
print(codegen.to_source(p))
This will print:
def foo():
return 42
No...