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How do JavaScript closures work?
...clared outside the function, regardless of when and where the function is called.
If a function was called by a function, which in turn was called by another function, then a chain of references to outer lexical environments is created. This chain is called the scope chain.
In the following code, in...
What is Autoloading; How do you use spl_autoload, __autoload and spl_autoload_register?
...
spl_autoload_register() allows you to register multiple functions (or static methods from your own Autoload class) that PHP will put into a stack/queue and call sequentially when a "new Class" is declared.
So for example:
spl_autoload_register('m...
Difference between except: and except Exception as e: in Python
... print e.message, e.args
...
>>> catch()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 3, in catch
BaseException
Which a bare except does:
>>> def catch():
... try:
... raise BaseException()
... ...
Does Python support short-circuiting?
...circuiting "executed" not printed
1
>>> 1 and fun(1) # fun(1) called and "executed" printed
executed
1
>>> 0 and fun(1) # due to short-circuiting "executed" not printed
0
Note: The following values are considered by the interpreter to mean false:
False None ...
How to decorate a class?
...2.5, is there a way to create a decorator that decorates a class? Specifically, I want to use a decorator to add a member to a class and change the constructor to take a value for that member.
...
How to use filter, map, and reduce in Python 3
... longer return lists:
[...]
map() and filter() return iterators. If you really need a list, a quick fix is e.g. list(map(...)), but a better fix is often to use a list comprehension (especially when the original code uses lambda), or rewriting the code so it doesn’t need a list at all. Particular...
How to suppress “unused parameter” warnings in C?
...
I usually write a macro like this:
#define UNUSED(x) (void)(x)
You can use this macro for all your unused parameters. (Note that this works on any compiler.)
For example:
void f(int x) {
UNUSED(x);
...
}
...
How do I run all Python unit tests in a directory?
...it test module is of the form test_*.py . I am attempting to make a file called all_test.py that will, you guessed it, run all files in the aforementioned test form and return the result. I have tried two methods so far; both have failed. I will show the two methods, and I hope someone out there ...
How to reliably open a file in the same directory as a Python script
...th(
os.path.join(os.getcwd(), os.path.dirname(__file__)))
The join() call prepends the current working directory, but the documentation says that if some path is absolute, all other paths left of it are dropped. Therefore, getcwd() is dropped when dirname(__file__) returns an absolute path.
Als...
Is the list of Python reserved words and builtins available in a library?
...break', 'class', 'continue', 'def',
'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import',
'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try',
'while', 'with', 'yield']
If you want to include built-in names as well (Python 3), then c...