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How to calculate the angle between a line and the horizontal axis?
...lines extend infinitely and don't start at a particular point).
deltaY = P2_y - P1_y
deltaX = P2_x - P1_x
Then calculate the angle (which runs from the positive X axis at P1 to the positive Y axis at P1).
angleInDegrees = arctan(deltaY / deltaX) * 180 / PI
But arctan may not be ideal, because ...
Linear Regression and group by in R
... lm() function. My data is an annual time series with one field for year (22 years) and another for state (50 states). I want to fit a regression for each state so that at the end I have a vector of lm responses. I can imagine doing for loop for each state then doing the regression inside the loop ...
Safest way to convert float to integer in python?
...s small enough, but different representations are possible where int(floor(2.3)) might be 1.
To quote from Wikipedia,
Any integer with absolute value less than or equal to 224 can be exactly represented in the single precision format, and any integer with absolute value less than or equal to 25...
Removing duplicates from a list of lists
...
>>> k = [[1, 2], [4], [5, 6, 2], [1, 2], [3], [4]]
>>> import itertools
>>> k.sort()
>>> list(k for k,_ in itertools.groupby(k))
[[1, 2], [3], [4], [5, 6, 2]]
itertools often offers the fastest and most powerf...
How does tuple comparison work in Python?
...nd each pair of corresponding elements must compare equal (for example, [1,2] == (1,2) is false because the type is not the same).
Collections that support order comparison are ordered the same as their first unequal elements (for example, [1,2,x] <= [1,2,y] has the same value as x <= y). If a...
Does the ternary operator exist in R?
... if-else is equivalent to ?:.
> a <- 1
> x <- if(a==1) 1 else 2
> x
[1] 1
> x <- if(a==2) 1 else 2
> x
[1] 2
The power of R is vectorization. The vectorization of the ternary operator is ifelse:
> a <- c(1, 2, 1)
> x <- ifelse(a==1, 1, 2)
> x
[1] 1 2 1
>...
Filter rows which contain a certain string
...
263
The answer to the question was already posted by the @latemail in the comments above. You can ...
How do I write stderr to a file while using “tee” with a pipe?
...s substitution and file redirection:
command > >(tee -a stdout.log) 2> >(tee -a stderr.log >&2)
Let's split it up and explain:
> >(..)
>(...) (process substitution) creates a FIFO and lets tee listen on it. Then, it uses > (file redirection) to redirect the STDO...
Why do enum permissions often have 0, 1, 2, 4 values?
Why are people always using enum values like 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and not 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ?
7 Answers
...
Grouping functions (tapply, by, aggregate) and the *apply family
... <- matrix(seq(1,16), 4, 4)
# apply min to rows
apply(M, 1, min)
[1] 1 2 3 4
# apply max to columns
apply(M, 2, max)
[1] 4 8 12 16
# 3 dimensional array
M <- array( seq(32), dim = c(4,4,2))
# Apply sum across each M[*, , ] - i.e Sum across 2nd and 3rd dimension
apply(M, 1, sum)
# Result ...