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What is __init__.py for?

...kages as they existed in Python 3.2 and earlier. A regular package is typically implemented as a directory containing an __init__.py file. When a regular package is imported, this __init__.py file is implicitly executed, and the objects it defines are bound to names in the package’s namespace. The...
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Logging request/response messages when using HttpClient

... intercepts the request before it handles it to HttpClientHandler which finally writes to the wire. PostAsJsonAsync extension internally creates an ObjectContent and when ReadAsStringAsync() is called in the LoggingHandler, it causes the formatter inside ObjectContent to serialize the object and tha...
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What is a “Stub”?

...lar kinds of double: Dummy objects are passed around but never actually used. Usually they are just used to fill parameter lists. Fake objects actually have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut which makes them not suitable for production (an in memory database is a good...
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memcpy() vs memmove()

... Fixed/webarchive link from Pascal Cuoq above: web.archive.org/web/20130722203254/http://… – JWCS May 29 at 16:43 ...
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Creating a singleton in Python

...mple implementation: class Singleton(type): _instances = {} def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls not in cls._instances: cls._instances[cls] = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs) return cls._instances[cls] class Logger(object): __meta...
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Why is it common to put CSRF prevention tokens in cookies?

...ds to flow between different page requests where the CSRF value cannot normally persist in the browser). Consider the following scenarios and processes in a typical application for some pros and cons of each approach you describe. These are based on the Synchronizer Token Pattern. Request Body App...
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What is the common header format of Python files?

... Its all metadata for the Foobar module. The first one is the docstring of the module, that is already explained in Peter's answer. How do I organize my modules (source files)? (Archive) The first line of each file shoud be #!/us...
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How to “perfectly” override a dict?

...or other builtins) directly. It often makes no sense, because what you actually want to do is implement the interface of a dict. And that is exactly what ABCs are for. share | improve this answer ...
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Generate random number between two numbers in JavaScript

... random numbers. Do not use them for anything related to security. Use the Web Crypto API instead, and more precisely the window.crypto.getRandomValues() method. share | improve this answer ...
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Get exception description and stack trace which caused an exception, all as a string

... See the traceback module, specifically the format_exc() function. Here. import traceback try: raise ValueError except ValueError: tb = traceback.format_exc() else: tb = "No error" finally: print tb ...