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What is the fastest way to get the value of π?

I'm looking for the fastest way to obtain the value of π, as a personal challenge. More specifically, I'm using ways that don't involve using #define constants like M_PI , or hard-coding the number in. ...
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Solving “Who owns the Zebra” programmatically?

...ution in Python based on constraint-programming: from constraint import AllDifferentConstraint, InSetConstraint, Problem # variables colors = "blue red green white yellow".split() nationalities = "Norwegian German Dane Swede English".split() pets = "birds dog cats horse zebra".sp...
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Remove all occurrences of a value from a list?

...on over the filter+lambda; the former is more readable in addition to generally more efficient. – habnabit Jul 21 '09 at 4:28 17 ...
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Transpose/Unzip Function (inverse of zip)?

...'d', 4)]) [('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'), (1, 2, 3, 4)] The way this works is by calling zip with the arguments: zip(('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)) … except the arguments are passed to zip directly (after being converted to a tuple), so there's no need to worry about the number of arguments g...
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Determine if 2 lists have the same elements, regardless of order? [duplicate]

... helper function. Note that it will be quite slow (O(n²)) and should generally not be used outside of the esoteric case of unhashable and unsortable elements. def equal_ignore_order(a, b): """ Use only when elements are neither hashable nor sortable! """ unmatched = list(b) for element...
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JavaScript pattern for multiple constructors

...mber and types of parameters you pass to it, you'll have to sniff them manually. JavaScript will happily call a function with more or fewer than the declared number of arguments. function foo(a, b) { if (b===undefined) // parameter was omitted in call b= 'some default value'; if (t...
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String concatenation: concat() vs “+” operator

...then throwing it away when you create the final String. In practice memory allocation is surprisingly fast. Update: As Pawel Adamski notes, performance has changed in more recent HotSpot. javac still produces exactly the same code, but the bytecode compiler cheats. Simple testing entirely fails bec...
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What is the difference between class and instance attributes?

...just look in each instance's __dict__ and the class's __dict__. It just usually doesn't matter very much whether immutable types are shared or not. – abarnert Oct 29 '14 at 22:58 1...
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How do I base64 encode (decode) in C?

... *output_length = 4 * ((input_length + 2) / 3); char *encoded_data = malloc(*output_length); if (encoded_data == NULL) return NULL; for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < input_length;) { uint32_t octet_a = i < input_length ? (unsigned char)data[i++] : 0; uint32_t octet_b = ...
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What does the restrict keyword mean in C++?

... A restrict-qualified pointer (or reference)... ! ...is basically a promise to the compiler that for the scope of the pointer, the target of the pointer will only be accessed through that pointer (and pointers copied from it). In C++ compilers that support it i...