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Select unique or distinct values from a list in UNIX shell script

...n the following input: class jar jar jar bin bin java uniq will output all lines exactly once: class jar bin java uniq -d will output all lines that appear more than once, and it will print them once: jar bin uniq -u will output all lines that appear exactly once, and it will print them ...
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Invert “if” statement to reduce nesting

...cked this code from the refactoring catalog. This specific refactoring is called: Replace Nested Conditional with Guard Clauses. share | improve this answer | follow ...
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Getting the caller function name inside another function in Python? [duplicate]

...on 2 each frame record is a list. The third element in each record is the caller name. What you want is this: >>> import inspect >>> def f(): ... print inspect.stack()[1][3] ... >>> def g(): ... f() ... >>> g() g For Python 3.5+, each frame record i...
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Convert a PHP object to an associative array

...e Typecasting with (array) and (object) works reliably and the same across all versions since PHP 4.3. See 3v4l.org/X6lhm. If you get a syntax error, you did something wrong. – Gordon Nov 30 '15 at 10:26 ...
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How do I look inside a Python object?

...-in functions: type() dir() id() getattr() hasattr() globals() locals() callable() type() and dir() are particularly useful for inspecting the type of an object and its set of attributes, respectively. share | ...
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Using “super” in C++

... the first time C++ was standardized. Dag Bruck proposed this extension, calling the base class "inherited." The proposal mentioned the multiple inheritance issue, and would have flagged ambiguous uses. Even Stroustrup was convinced. After discussion, Dag Bruck (yes, the same person making the p...
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Pretty-print C++ STL containers

... // Don't insert a delimiter if this is the first time the function is called if( _insertDelim ) (*_stream) << _delim; else _insertDelim = true; } (*_stream) << value; return *this; } pretty_ostre...
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What does O(log n) mean exactly?

...g that the size of the input affects the growth of the algorithm proportionally...and the same goes for, for example, quadratic time O(n2) etc..even algorithms, such as permutation generators, with O(n!) times, that grow by factorials. ...
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Access an arbitrary element in a dictionary in Python

... for a non-destructive popitem you can make a (shallow) copy: key, value = dict(d).popitem() – Pelle Jan 31 '18 at 10:35  |  ...
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Rename a dictionary key

... this question seems to be asking, is impractical because dict keys are usually immutable objects such as numbers, strings or tuples. Instead of trying to modify the key, reassigning the value to a new key and removing the old key is how you can achieve the "rename" in python. ...