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nonlocal keyword in Python 2.x
...nswer by Elias Zamaria, but contrary to that answer does handle multiple calls of the outer function correctly. The "variable" inner.y is local to the current call of outer. Only it isn't a variable, since that is forbidden, but an object attribute (the object being the function inner itself). This...
In pure functional languages, is there an algorithm to get the inverse function?
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In some cases, yes! There's a beautiful paper called Bidirectionalization for Free! which discusses a few cases -- when your function is sufficiently polymorphic -- where it is possible, completely automatically to derive an inverse function. (It also discusses what makes...
List comprehension: Returning two (or more) items for each item
...bda x: x + 2
>>> g = lambda x: x ** 2
>>> list(chain.from_iterable((f(x), g(x)) for x in range(3)))
[2, 0, 3, 1, 4, 4]
Timings:
from timeit import timeit
f = lambda x: x + 2
g = lambda x: x ** 2
def fg(x):
yield f(x)
yield g(x)
print timeit(stmt='list(chain.from_itera...
How to install Xcode Command Line Tools
How do I get the command-line build tools installed with the current Xcode/Mac OS X v10.8 (Mountain Lion) or later?
13 Answ...
Exif manipulation library for python [closed]
...mation from Jpeg and Tiff files which include it. This information is typically included in images created using digital imaging devices such as digital cameras, digital film scanners, etc.
However, it looks like pyexif hasn't been updated in quite while. They recommend if theirs isn't doing the ...
Fastest method to replace all instances of a character in a string [duplicate]
What is the fastest way to replace all instances of a string/character in a string in JavaScript? A while , a for -loop, a regular expression?
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PHP: exceptions vs errors?
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Exceptions are thrown - they are intended to be caught. Errors are generally unrecoverable. Lets say for instance - you have a block of code that will insert a row into a database. It is possible that this call fails (duplicate ID) - you will want to have a "Error" which in this case is an "Exc...
Swift equivalent for MIN and MAX macros
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With Swift 5, max(_:_:) and min(_:_:) are part of the Global Numeric Functions. max(_:_:) has the following declaration:
func max<T>(_ x: T, _ y: T) -> T where T : Comparable
You can use it like this with Ints:
let maxInt = max(5,...
Get the first element of each tuple in a list in Python [duplicate]
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Use a list comprehension:
res_list = [x[0] for x in rows]
Below is a demonstration:
>>> rows = [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]
>>> [x[0] for x in rows]
[1, 3, 5]
>>>
Alternately, you could use unpacking instead of x[0]:
res_li...
Can someone explain the traverse function in Haskell?
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traverse is the same as fmap, except that it also allows you to run effects while you're rebuilding the data structure.
Take a look at the example from the Data.Traversable documentation.
data Tree a = Empty | Leaf a | Node (Tree a) a (Tree a)
The Functor instance of Tr...