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What does the caret operator (^) in Python do?
...
It's a bitwise XOR (exclusive OR).
It results to true if one (and only one) of the operands (evaluates to) true.
To demonstrate:
>>> 0^0
0
>>> 1^1
0
>>> 1^0
1
>>> 0^1
1
To explain one of your own exa...
What is the purpose of XORing a register with itself? [duplicate]
xor eax, eax will always set eax to zero, right? So, why does MSVC++ sometimes put it in my executable's code? Is it more efficient that mov eax, 0 ?
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Creating a “logical exclusive or” operator in Java
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Java does have a logical XOR operator, it is ^ (as in a ^ b).
Apart from that, you can't define new operators in Java.
Edit: Here's an example:
public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean[] all = { false, true };
for (boolean a : all...
How do you reverse a string in place in C or C++?
...tead of the end-finding loop.
(Editor's note: this answer originally used XOR-swap for this simple version, too. Fixed for the benefit of future readers of this popular question. XOR-swap is highly not recommended; hard to read and making your code compile less efficiently. You can see on the Go...
What are bitwise operators?
...ns
00000001
which is not 0, so the flag does specify READ.
You can use XOR to toggle various bits. I've used this when using a flag to specify directional inputs (Up, Down, Left, Right). For example, if a sprite is moving horizontally, and I want it to turn around:
Up: 00000001
Down: ...
How to toggle a value in Python
...5
>>> x = total - x # toggle
>>> x
3
Solution using XOR
If the value toggles between 0 and 1, you can use a bitwise exclusive-or:
>>> x = 1
>>> x ^= 1
>>> x
0
>>> x ^= 1
>>> x
1
The technique generalizes to any pair of integers....
Why can't (or doesn't) the compiler optimize a predictable addition loop into a multiplication?
... test esi, esi
jle .LBB0_1
mov r9d, esi
xor r8d, r8d
xor esi, esi
xor eax, eax
.LBB0_4: # =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsxd rdx, dword ptr [rdi + 4*rsi]
imul rcx, rdx, 100000
...
How does this milw0rm heap spraying exploit work?
...add edx,esp
00000019 07 pop es
0000001A 67305CFF xor [si-0x1],bl
0000001E 98 cwde
0000001F BBD7FFA4FE mov ebx,0xfea4ffd7
00000024 9B wait
00000025 74AD jz 0xffffffd4
00000027 058B8B028D add eax,0x8d028b8b
0000002...
How is a CRC32 checksum calculated?
...e CRC-32 as a series of "Binary Arithmetic with No Carries", or basically "XOR and shift operations". This is technically called Polynomial Arithmetic.
CRC primer, Chapter 5
To better understand it, think of this multiplication:
(x^3 + x^2 + x^0)(x^3 + x^1 + x^0)
= (x^6 + x^4 + x^3
+ x^5 + x^3...
techniques for obscuring sensitive strings in C++
...e sure that the key is not within the printable range.
Obscuring key with XOR
For instance, you could use XOR to split the key into two byte arrays:
key = key1 XOR key2
If you create key1 with the same byte-length as key you can use (completely) random byte values and then compute key2:
key1[n...