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In plain English, what does “git reset” do?

...ch and reset it to point somewhere else, and possibly bring the index and work tree along. More concretely, if your master branch (currently checked out) is like this: - A - B - C (HEAD, master) and you realize you want master to point to B, not C, you will use git reset B to move it there: - A ...
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Reshape three column data frame to matrix (“long” to “wide” format) [duplicate]

...data frame, which is probably what most readers of this answer will want. For a heatmap, though, you would need to convert this to a true matrix. library(tidyr) pivot_wider(tmp, names_from = y, values_from = z) ## # A tibble: 2 x 4 ## x a b c ## <fct> <dbl> <dbl> &...
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What is hashCode used for? Is it unique?

...return a sequence of number. Can I use this hashcode to identify an item? For example I want to identify a picture or a song in the device, and check it whereabout. This could be done if the hashcode given for specific items is unique. ...
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How do I raise the same Exception with a custom message in Python?

... Update: For Python 3, check Ben's answer To attach a message to the current exception and re-raise it: (the outer try/except is just to show the effect) For python 2.x where x>=6: try: try: raise ValueError # someth...
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Vertex shader vs Fragment Shader [duplicate]

I've read some tutorials regarding Cg, yet one thing is not quite clear to me. What exactly is the difference between vertex and fragment shaders? And for what situations is one better suited than the other? ...
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Xcode 4 - detach the console/log window

... Go to Xcode preferences, and open the Behavior tab. Tell Xcode to open a tab called "Debugger" when "Run Pauses" or "Run Starts". Then run it, and break that Debugging tab out into another window (drag it off the tab bar into its own window by just letting it drop ou...
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Getting vertical gridlines to appear in line plot in matplotlib

I want to get both horizontal and vertical grid lines on my plot but only the horizontal grid lines are appearing by default. I am using a pandas.DataFrame from an sql query in python to generate a line plot with dates on the x-axis. I'm not sure why they do not appear on the dates and I have trie...
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When is the init() function run?

...rintln("It's all a lie.") } } AnswerToLife() is guaranteed to run before init() is called, and init() is guaranteed to run before main() is called. Keep in mind that init() is always called, regardless if there's main or not, so if you import a package that has an init function, it will be ex...
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How to Save Console.WriteLine Output to Text File

... try { ostrm = new FileStream ("./Redirect.txt", FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Write); writer = new StreamWriter (ostrm); } catch (Exception e) { Console.WriteLine ("Cannot open Redirect.txt for writing"); Console.WriteLine (e.Message); re...
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Does Java read integers in little endian or big endian?

... Use the network byte order (big endian), which is the same as Java uses anyway. See man htons for the different translators in C. share | ...