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What is the difference between ${var}, “$var”, and “${var}” in the Bash shell?

...pecial characters. I'd love to hear the detailed explanation. My testing confirms this, and I'm now quoting my variables for all string tests, to avoid having -z and -n return the same result. $ unset a $ if [ -z $a ]; then echo unset; else echo set; fi unset $ if [ -n $a ]; then echo set; else e...
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How do I install pip on macOS or OS X?

I spent most of the day yesterday searching for a clear answer for installing pip (package manager for Python). I can't find a good solution. ...
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How do I edit /etc/sudoers from a script?

...make your edits to a temporary file, then use visudo -c -f sudoers.temp to confirm that the changes are valid and then copy it over the top of /etc/sudoers #!/bin/sh if [ -f "/etc/sudoers.tmp" ]; then exit 1 fi touch /etc/sudoers.tmp edit_sudoers /tmp/sudoers.new visudo -c -f /tmp/sudoers.new i...
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How accurate is python's time.sleep()?

... The accuracy of the time.sleep function depends on your underlying OS's sleep accuracy. For non-realtime OS's like a stock Windows the smallest interval you can sleep for is about 10-13ms. I have seen accurate sleeps within several milliseconds of that time when above the minimum 10-13ms. ...
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Can you do a partial checkout with Subversion?

...directories under trunk/ with lots of files in each and only needed 3 of those directories, would it be possible to do a Subversion checkout with only those 3 directories under trunk? ...
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When to use the brace-enclosed initializer?

... Hmm, you're right - I was testing with GCC 4.5 earlier which seemed to confirm what I was saying, but GCC 4.6 does agree with you. And I did miss the fact that you were talking about in-class initialization. My apologies. – interjay Apr 2 '12 at 18:09 ...
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How do I set up a simple delegate to communicate between two view controllers?

...(MyDatatwo*) dataTwo; @end Import MyFirstControllerDelegate.h file and confirm your FirstController with protocol MyFirstControllerDelegate #import "MyFirstControllerDelegate.h" @interface FirstController : UIViewController<MyFirstControllerDelegate> { } @end In the implementation f...
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Is it possible to get CMake to build both a static and shared version of the same library?

... @gnac I cannot confirm this. In my case, the set_property only worked when I used objlib and not when using ${objlib}. So maybe this answer could be corrected? – josch May 12 '17 at 9:24 ...
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Python exit commands - why so many and when should each be used?

...xecution. The choices I've found are: quit() , exit() , sys.exit() , os._exit() 4 Answers ...
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Redirecting stdout to “nothing” in python

... Cross-platform: import os import sys f = open(os.devnull, 'w') sys.stdout = f On Windows: f = open('nul', 'w') sys.stdout = f On Linux: f = open('/dev/null', 'w') sys.stdout = f ...