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How can I force clients to refresh JavaScript files?

...s. In this case, you can include the version into URL ex: http://abc.com/v1.2/script.js and use apache mod_rewrite to redirect the link to http://abc.com/script.js. When you change the version, client browser will update the new file. ...
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How do I programmatically determine if there are uncommitted changes?

...iet HEAD -- A more precise option would be to test git status --porcelain=v1 2>/dev/null | wc -l, using the porcelain option. See Myridium's answer. (nornagon mentions in the comments that, if there are files that have been touched, but whose contents are the same as in the index, you'll need to...
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How do I restart nginx only after the configuration test was successful on Ubuntu?

...question open a little longer to see if noone has an answer for nginx < v1.2 – jan Sep 3 '13 at 10:29 1 ...
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Does PNG contain EXIF data like JPG?

...lready stated, PNG didn't have a formal EXIF chunk until eXIf was added in v1.5.0 (2017), and to my knowledge this chunk still does not enjoy wide support. But that's because it doesn't need it. Many pieces of software encode EXIF in a PNG by convention in an iTXt (or compressed zTXt) chunk notated...
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What's the difference between git clone --mirror and git clone --bare

...origin has a few branches (master (HEAD), next, pu, and maint), some tags (v1, v2, v3), some remote branches (devA/master, devB/master), and some other refs (refs/foo/bar, refs/foo/baz, which might be notes, stashes, other devs' namespaces, who knows). git clone origin-url (non-bare): You will ge...
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Less aggressive compilation with CSS3 calc

...es expression inside calc by default since v3.00. Original answer (Less v1.x...2.x): Do this: body { width: calc(~"100% - 250px - 1.5em"); } In Less 1.4.0 we will have a strictMaths option which requires all Less calculations to be within brackets, so the calc will work "out-of-the-box". This...
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Suppress Scientific Notation in Numpy When Creating Array From Nested List

... 19.00 Your options with numpy.set_printoptions or numpy.array2string in v1.3 are pretty clunky and limited (for example no way to suppress scientific notation for large numbers). It looks like this will change with future versions, with numpy.set_printoptions(formatter=..) and numpy.array2string(...
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Why do indexes in XPath start with 1 and not 0?

...eral times, but RSS version 1.0 was released by December of 2000. With the v1.0 update, RSS included support for XML. During 2002 v2.0 was released in September as RSS (Really Simple Syndication) and began to evolve into a major internet technology. In it’s early history, RSS feeds (and the XML d...
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How do I reword the very first git commit message?

... reword it like any other commit. The --root option was introduced in Git v1.7.12 (2012). Before then the only option was to use filter-branch or --amend, which is typically harder to do. Note: see also this similar question and answer. ...
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How to sum a variable by group

...=c(10,15,5,2,14,20,3)) data[, sum(Frequency), by = Category] # Category V1 # 1: First 30 # 2: Second 5 # 3: Third 34 system.time(data[, sum(Frequency), by = Category] ) # user system elapsed # 0.008 0.001 0.009 Let's compare that to the same thing using data.frame and th...