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What is the difference between public, protected, package-private and private in Java?

... The official tutorial may be of some use to you. ______________________________________________________________ | │ Class │ Package │ Subclass │ Subclass │ World | | │ │ │(same pkg)│(diff pkg)│ | |─────...
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What are metaclasses in Python?

... the 'class' statement) by calling the metaclass. Combined with the normal __init__ and __new__ methods, metaclasses therefore allow you to do 'extra things' when creating a class, like registering the new class with some registry or replace the class with something else entirely. When the class st...
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What does 'super' do in Python?

... What's the difference? SomeBaseClass.__init__(self) means to call SomeBaseClass's __init__. while super(Child, self).__init__() means to call a bound __init__ from the parent class that follows Child in the instance's Method Resolution Order (MRO). If th...
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Get exception description and stack trace which caused an exception, all as a string

... See the traceback module, specifically the format_exc() function. Here. import traceback try: raise ValueError except ValueError: tb = traceback.format_exc() else: tb = "No error" finally: print tb ...
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Optional Parameters with C++ Macros

...id PrintString(const char* message, int size, int style) { } #define PRINT_STRING_1_ARGS(message) PrintString(message, 0, 0) #define PRINT_STRING_2_ARGS(message, size) PrintString(message, size, 0) #define PRINT_STRING_3_ARGS(message, size, style) PrintString(message, size, styl...
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Getting the class name of an instance?

... Have you tried the __name__ attribute of the class? ie type(x).__name__ will give you the name of the class, which I think is what you want. >>> import itertools >>> x = itertools.count(0) >>> type(x).__name__ 'count...
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Understanding the difference between __getattr__ and __getattribute__

I am trying to understand the difference between __getattr__ and __getattribute__ , however, I am failing at it. 4 Answe...
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List attributes of an object

... >>> class new_class(): ... def __init__(self, number): ... self.multi = int(number) * 2 ... self.str = str(number) ... >>> a = new_class(2) >>> a.__dict__ {'multi': 4, 'str': '2'} >>> a.__dict__.keys(...
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Difference between __str__ and __repr__?

What is the difference between __str__ and __repr__ in Python? 23 Answers 23 ...
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Confused about __str__ on list in Python [duplicate]

Coming from a Java background, I understand that __str__ is something like a Python version of toString (while I do realize that Python is the older language). ...